Histological Evaluation of Pure Titanium Dental Implants Coated with a Mixture of Nano Titanium Oxide and Nano Hydroxyapatite
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v21i1.1158Keywords:
Nano TiO2, nano HA, dental implant coating, histological assessmentAbstract
Background: Dental implant surface characteristics affect the success of implant treatment. Many studies have focused on coating titanium (Ti) implant surfaces with bioactive materials. Bio-active surfaces play a crucial role in enhancing the healing process of the human bone tissue surrounding dental implants.
Aims of the research: This study aims to evaluate the histological response and bonding strength of titanium screws coated with a combination of nano-sized titanium oxide (TiO₂) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) after healing intervals of two and six weeks.
Materials and methods: A suspension was prepared using 5.27 g of nano-hydroxyapatite and 2.68 g of nano-titanium oxide. Commercially pure Grade II titanium screws, measuring 3.0 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length, were coated using the dip-coating technique. The presence of the nano-coating on the titanium surfaces was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microscopic analysis. For histological evaluation, some screws were coated with the nano TiO₂–HA mixture, while others were coated solely with nano-HA, and both types were implanted into the tibiae of New Zealand rabbits. Peri-implant bone formation was analyzed at two and six weeks post-implantation using a light microscope equipped with a GT-N7100 camera.
Results: Optical microscopy revealed a uniform, crack-free coating layer on the titanium screw surfaces. XRD patterns confirmed the presence of both hydroxyapatite and titanium dioxide phases. Histological analysis showed enhanced new bone formation in the group with the TiO₂–HA mixture coating, evidenced by early osteoblast proliferation and more advanced bone maturation at both two and six weeks post-surgery, when compared to implants coated only with nano-hydroxyapatite.
Conclusion: The implant coating mixture of nano TiO2 & nano HA promotes new bone formation more rapidly than a coating of nano hydroxyapatite alone.
References
References
1. The Golssary of prosthodontic Terms-Eight Edition GPT-8 2005. J Prosth Dent 2005, 94(1), 58-78.
2. Misch CE. Dental implants prosthetics. St. Louis: Elesiver-Mosby. 2005:531-567.
3. Zhao, H.S. Fan and X.D. Zhang. Advances in Biomimetic Apatite Coating on Metal Implants.Advances in Biomemetics;2011:19: 397-. 398
4. Casaletto M.P, Ingo G.M, Kaciulis S., Mattogno G, Pandolfi L, Scavia G. Surface studies of in vitro biocompatibility of titanium oxide coatings. Applied Surface Science .2001; 172: 167-177.
5. Joon B. Park and Joseph D. Bronzino Biomaterials : principles and application R857.M3 P 375 ,2002 610′.284,21 edition .
6. Lautenschlager E.P. and Monaghan P. Titanium and titanium alloys as dental materials. Int Dent J. 1993; 43: 245–253.
7. Li P. Biomimetic nano-apatite coating capable of promoting bone in growth. J Biomed Mater Res A .2003;66(1):79–85.
8. Han Y, Hong SH, Xu K. Synthesis of nano crystalline titania films by micro-arc oxidation. Mate Lett. 2002; 56:744–747.
9. Samar J,Abhilasha B, Himesh A. Nanocrystalline calciumphosphate ceramics in biomedical engineering. MaterSci Eng. C .2007 ;27 : 441–449
10. . Salman YM. A study of Electrophoretic Deposition of Alumina and Hydroxyapatite on Tapered Ti-6Al-7Nb Dental Implants: Mechanical and Histological Evaluation, A PhD thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, 2011.
11. X Nie, A Leyland, A Matthews. Deposition of layered bioceramic hydroxyapatite/TiO 2 coatings on titanium alloys using a hybrid technique of micro-arc oxidation and electrophoresis .Surface and Coatings Technology. 2000; 407-414
12. Aksakal B and, Hanyaloglu C. Bioceramic dip-coating on Ti-6Al-4V and 316L -SS implant materials. Journal of materials science, 2008;19(5): 2097 -2104
13. IvankoviaeiH . Abrasion Resistant thin Partially Stabilised Zirconia Coatings by Sol-gel Dip-coating .Chem Biochem Eng Q. 2005;19 (1): 31 – 37.
14. Bhaskar SN. Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology.11th ed., USA:Mosby, 1991
15. Linder L. High-Resolution Microscopy of the Implant Tissue Interface. Acta Ortho Scand. 1985; 56:269-72.
16. Shapiro F. Bone development and its relation to fracture repair. the role of mesenchymal osteoblasts and surface osteoblasts. Europ. Cell Mater. 2008;15:53-76 .
17. Liu X , Chu PK, Ding C. Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys,and related materials for biomedical applications. Materials Science and Engineering . 2004; 47(3 - 4): 49 – 121.
18. Ghiban B, Jicmon G, Cosmeleata G. Structural Investigation of Electrodeposited Hydroxyapatite on titanium supports. Romanion Journal of Physics. 2006; 51: 173 - 180.
19. Jamil BA. Role of biomaterial collagen coated titanium implant surface on expression of bone protein markers and osseointegration reaction, in comparison to titanium implant coated with zirconia (Immunohistochemical&HistomorphometricStudies In Rabbits). A PhD thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad 2011.
20. Waheed AS .Mechanical and Histological Evaluation of NanoZirconium Oxide coating on Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb)Dental Implants .Master thesis ,Collage of Dentistry , University of Baghdad 2013.
21. Jani G.H .Torque removal test of strontium chloride and hydroxyapatite coated commercially pure titantium implant complemented with histomorphometric analysis (a comparative Study) Master thesis ,Collage of Dentistry , University of Baghdad 2014 .
22. Al-Mudarris BA. The significance of biomimetic calcium phosphate coating on commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. A PhD thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, 2006.
23. Hammad T.I. Histological and mechanical evaluation of electrophoretic bioceramic deposition on Ti- 6Al- 7Nb dental implants, A PhD thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad 2007.
24. Mano T, Ueyama Y, Ishikawa K, Matsumura T, Suzuki K. Initial tissue response to a titanium implant coated with apatite at room temperature using a blast coating method. Biomaterials .2002; 23:1931–36.
25. Yonus NA. Iraqi Dental Implants Interface Mechanical and Histological Observation (An Experimental Study on Rabbits), A Ph.D Thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, 2000.
26. Al-Ma'adhidi TMH. The Significance of Surface Characeristics on Iraqi Dental Implants. A PhD thesis, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, 2002.
27. Kweh SWK, Khor K. A., Cheang P. the production and characterisation of hydroxyapatite (HA) powder. J Mater Processing Technologies, 1999; 89-90: 373 – 377 .
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 hanan abdulrahman, Muna Nasir, Athraa y Al-hijazi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Journal of Mustansiria Dental Journal is an open-access journal that all contents are free of charge. Articles of this journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International Public License CC-BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode) that licensees are unrestrictly allowed to search, download, share, distribute, print, or link to the full texts of the articles, crawl them for indexing and reproduce any medium of the articles provided that they give the author(s) proper credits (citation). The journal allows the author(s) to retain the copyright of their published article.
Creative Commons-Attribution (BY)