Mustansiria Dental Journal is published by the Mustansiriyah University, which publish full-length papers, oringinal research reports, literature reviews, special reports, clinical cases, current topics and short communications, dealing with dentistry or related disciplines.
College of Dentistry / Mustansiriyah University
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Impact of Different Fiber Reinforcement Techniques on Stress Distribution of Cervical Composite Restorations: Finite Element Analysis.
Abstract Aim: To compare the stress distributions in the cervical cavities of four different restorations using Von Mises stress under varying loading directions. Methods: Virtual restored lower first premolar models (n=4) with class V cavities were created from a sound premolar CAD model. Single restorative materials of a resin-modified GIC (model A), a conventional filler composite (CFC) (model B), a combination of short-fiber-reinforced composite-CFC (model C), and a ribbond fiber-CFC (model D) in a bilayered fasion were considered in this study. The FEA models received a 150 N occlusal load in the axial and oblique directions. The stress distribution in the enamel and dentin components of the model and restorative sections was analyzed. The maximum von Mises criterion was determined and compared between the tested models. Results: The FEA model indicated that the highest mvM was detected in the enamel structure of the premolar. Notably, greater stresses were observed in the GIC (Model A) and CFC (Model B) restorations than in the combined EverX-CFC restoration (Model C), which resulted in less stress in the enamel and dentin. Finally, the bilayered ribbond-CFC restoration (Model D) had the lowest stress values among the different components of the model. In the oblique loading scenario, all the models with various components presented higher stress values than did those with axial loading, with slightly lower stress values in the fiber-reinforced composite restorations. Conclusion: The incorporation of either glass or polyethylene fibers within the cervical composite restoration apparently enhances stress distributions on the surrounding tooth structure, thus probably improve the retention rate of the restoration.
Endodontics, Fixed Prosthesis & Operative Dentistry
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Nahidh, Abdallah Ahmed Elsherbiny, Ahmed Sleibi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simvastatin's Application in dentistry. A narrative review.
Simvastatin a pharmaceutical drug, belongs to the statin’s family, that shares the same properties of their mechanism of action which is summarized by the lowering of hypercholesteremia, by averting the production of mevalonate from HMG-CoA which is a compulsory product in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Th proved effect of oral administration of Simvastatin on increasing of bone formation and reduction of bone resorption by over expression of BMP-2 and lowering the bone resorption markers abetted by its safe use and feasibility made it an interest point of many researchers. Various dental studies have shown a positive response to both oral and local administration of statins concerning periodontal health, including a notable decrease in tooth mobility, improved clinical attachment levels, and enhanced bone fill in cases of type II diabetes having chronic periodontitis. Researchers propose that simvastatin may partially mitigate the frequency and severity of relapse, while others indicate that exosome-based drug delivery holds considerable promise for therapeutic applications in orthodontics. Furthermore, simvastatin exhibits diverse effects and applications across various fields of dentistry. The aim of this review is to entails the benefits and applications of statins in many domains of dentistry including original manuscripts for the last five years.
Pedodontics, Orthodontics & Prevention Dentistry
Copyright (c) 2025 Muna Alaa Alsaeed, Nada MH Al-Ghaban, Enas Fadhil Kadhim, Zaid A. Abdulhussein, Mohammed A. Abdalqader https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
the effect of psychological stress on salivary alpha- amylase in pediatric patient
Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological stress and salivary alpha -amylase levels in pediatric dental patients visit specialist versus non specialist dental clinics. Materials and Methods :Eighty male children aged 4–6 years with first dental visit were recruited from specialist and non-specialist dental clinics in Iraq. Salivary samples were collected at three time points and alpha amylase levels were analyzed using ELISA assays. Results In the non-specialized clinic, mean values rose from 2.66 ± 0.68 prior to therapy to 4.06 ± 0.70 during diagnosis, ultimately reaching 5.37 ± 1.14 post-treatment (F = 243.383, p < 0.001). At the specialized clinic, levels increased from 2.27 ± 0.75 to 2.00 ± 0.74, and subsequently to 3.34 ± 1.02 following therapy (F = 37.958, p < 0.001). Comparisons between groups revealed statistically significant variations in α-amylase levels at all time intervals (p < 0.05), with continuously elevated values noted in the non-specialist clinic.Conclusion: Children attending pediatric dental clinics are less prone to stress than those treated at regular dental clinics, salivary alpha-amylase is a reliable physiological biomarker of dental stress, Environmental and emotional stresses exert a greater influence on SAA secretion than self-perceived stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Donya Ali alhasanawy, Maha Abdul Kareem mahmoud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Propolis Lozenges Extract on IL-10 and Oral Health Condition in (19_24) Years Old
Background: Propolis is a natural resin produced by bees from plant exudates, combined with pollen, wax, and enzymes. It is known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Plaque is a yellowish white or grayish substance that adheres firmly to the surfaces of teeth and other complex structures in the mouth. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of lozenges containing propolis on the levels of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and plaque accumulation. Method: A prospective cohort interventional case-control clinical trial. A total of 80 patients were divided into two groups: 40 participants in the case group and 40 in the control group. Participants in the case group received propolis lozenge extract after a baseline saliva sample was collected and the Plaque Index was measured. They were instructed to use the lozenge twice daily for 7 days, once in the morning and once in the evening. In contrast, the control group received only oral hygiene instructions. During the second visit, saliva samples were collected again, and the Plaque Index (PI) was measured. Result: The case group observed significant differences between the two visits regarding the mean Plaque Index (PI), whereas the control group did not show significant changes. Additionally, significant differences were found in the mean levels of interleukin-10 in the case group.
Copyright (c) 2025 ahmed finjan, Assisstant prof.mohammed kais mahmoud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect Of Selective Dentin Etching And Ethanol Wet Bonding On Micro-Shear Bond Strength Of Adhesive
Aim: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the impact of selective dentin etching for 3 seconds and ethanol pre-treatment on the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of Scotchbond Plus Universal (SBU), a hydrophilic adhesive containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Materials and Methods: Forty-eight sound premolars had their occlusal enamel ground to create flattened midcoronal dentin. Teeth were divided into four groups of 12 sample. In Group A (control), SBU plus was applied without prior treatment. Group B involved selective dentin etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 3 seconds. Group C treated dentin surfaces with 100% ethanol for 60 seconds. Group D combined 3-second phosphoric acid etching with 60-second ethanol pre-treatment. The adhesive resin was applied then light cured. Teeth were restored with Filtek Z350 (3M ESPE, USA) composite rods (1mm diameter). After composite placement, samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and thermocycled for 500 cycles. µSBS was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: ANOVA revealed significant differences among the groups (P < 0.001). Group D (selective dentin etching + ethanol pre-treatment) showed the highest µSBS at 57.16 MPa. The number of mixed failures was higher when dentin surfaces were treated with selective etching for 3 seconds and 100% ethanol. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, dentin etched with phosphoric acid for 3 seconds and rewetted with 100%
Copyright (c) 2025 ahmed ali, Haider Hasan Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Knowledge and Awareness of Oral Cancer among Dental and Medical Undergraduate Students
Aims: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of undergraduate medical and dental students from various Iraqi universities regarding oral cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, and questionnaires were distributed to 378 students. Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer were assessed through questions related to examinations, patient history, risk factors for oral cancer, and the clinical appearance of oral cancer.Results: Dental participants reported significantly higher percentages (84.8%) for routine oral examinations compared to medical students (50.4%). Smoking was identified as a risk factor by 90.8% of medical students and 77.0% of dental students. A very small percentage of both dental (9.7%) and medical (5.0%) students felt they were very well informed about the clinical appearance of oral cancer. Regarding oral changes associated with oral cancer, 70.6% of medical students and 56.8% of dental students recognized leukoplakia. The majority of medical (91.6%) and dental (94.9%) students indicated that they needed more information about oral cancer. Conclusions This study identified both strengths and weaknesses in oral cancer knowledge among dental and medical students. While dental students displayed greater awareness in certain areas, the overall findings emphasize the need for ongoing education and training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ban Karem Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative 3D Finite Element Stress Analysis of Monolithic Lithium Disilicate and Dual-Layered Endocrown Restorations
Aim: To evaluate and compare the stress distribution of monolithic lithium disilicate (LDS) and dual-layered endocrown restorations for endodontically treated teeth (ETT) using finite element analysis (FEA). Method: A mandibular first molar model was created using CBCT and CAD software with standardized cavity dimensions and material properties. Two models were designed: Model A (monolithic LDS endocrown) and Model B (dual-layered endocrown with a Lava Ultimate endocore veneered with LDS). FEA simulated stress distribution under a 600 N axial load. The von Mises stress values were analyzed to evaluate stress concentration and distribution. Result: Model A exhibited higher stress concentration at the occlusal surface and cervical regions, with a maximum von Mises (VM) stress of 17.20 MPa in LDS. In contrast, Model B demonstrated a more uniform stress distribution, with the maximum VM stress reduced to 4.87 MPa in LDS and 4.24 MPa for endocore. Additionally, Model A showed high stress levels at the cervical rim (16.05 MPa), while Model B presented a lower VM stress of 9.88 MPa. Dentin stress was also higher in Model A (4.37 MPa) compared to Model B (3.49 MPa). Conclusion: Dual-layered endocrowns demonstrated favorable stress distribution compared to monolithic designs, suggesting greater durability for restoring endodontically treated teeth. Experimental validation is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haider Ali Ibrahim, Haider Hasan Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the role of grape seed extract in enhancing collagen crosslinking and its effect on the shear bond strength of Universal adhesive to contaminated dentine
Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a collagen cross-linker, grape seed extract (GSE), applied at different times (1, 3, and 5 minutes) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a universal adhesive bonding system applied to dentine after contamination with blood or blood and hemostatic agent (HA). Materials and Methods: Seventy-two teeth were divided into three main groups. Group A, the control group, (n=8) treated with only Scotchbond Universal. The remaining teeth were divided into two experimental groups, (n=32) for each according to the type of contamination. Group B was contaminated with blood, while Group C was contaminated with both blood and HA. Each contamination group was further divided into four subgroups based on the timing of GSE application. One subgroup did not receive any GSE application, while the other three subgroups had application of GSE for 1, 3, and 5 minutes. Then experimental groups had adhesive application as in group A, after adhesive application and composite resin placement. SBS was measured using a universal testing machine. Results: Groups that had GSE had nosinificant difference with control (p<0.05), Application of GSE for 3 min showed significant difference with the contamination only group. Conclusion: GSE treatment for durations of 1, 3 or 5 minutes enhanced bond strength to contaminated dentine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Salman Bachay Bachay, Hikmet A. Al-Gharrawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Casein Phosphopeptides-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate’s Effect on Microhardness of Teeth Treated With 5% Sodium Fluoride
Background: Dental caries is a common disease among humans, and its significant impact underscores the need to promote the mineralization of early enamel lesions. Numerous materials have been investigated to enhance the mineralization of teeth. Casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), a milk protein known for its effectiveness in mineralization of tooth.Aim of study: To assess CPP-ACP’s effect on the enamel microhardness of teeth treated with 5% sodium fluoride. Materials and Method: Forty extracted sound upper first premolars were utilized in the study. The teeth underwent a pH cycle, after which, 20 teeth were treated with a 5% sodium fluoride solution (NaF), while the remaining 20 to deionized water. All teeth were placed in artificial saliva for 24 hours and subsequently treated with 10% CPP-ACP for seven days. Enamel microhardness was evaluated before and after the artificial formation of caries-like lesions, following the application of 5% sodium fluoride and deionized water, and after the application of CPP-ACP on the previously treated groups.Results: It was found that 5% NaF significantly elevated the microhardness of the enamel after demineralization (P=0.000), the mean microhardness value post-demineralization was (119.11), while post-remineralization was (195.910) and following the application of CPP-ACP it became (226.100) which was also significant (P=0.025).Conclusion: CPP-ACP is an effective material for mineralizing early carious lesions alone, but it performs its best effect when combined with NaF.
Copyright (c) 2025 zinah alsayed, Dr.Mohammed Qays Mahmood Fahmi, Ammar mashlah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anatomical Root Variation in The Permanent Mandibular Canine of Iraqi People Using CBCT: A preliminary study
Background: Knowledge of root canal morphology is essential for performing a successful RCT that includes proper mechanical and chemical debridement, as well as effective root canal filling. Failing to clean and shape all root canals can result in treatment failure due to persistent infection from microorganisms left in the untreated canal. Aim of the study: To evaluate the presence of a 2nd root in the lower canine or a single root with two canals in the mandibular canine via CBCT.Material and methods: A total of 316 patients visited our clinic in Baghdad, Iraq, for various treatment modalities. After CBCT imaging to analyse the morphology of the permanent mandibular canine on each side, data were collected and cases with any side of the canine being absent, incomplete root formation, root canal-treated teeth, teeth with periapical pathology, or any internal or external tooth resorption were excluded. Results: Double-rooted mandibular canines were observed in 32 out of 632 cases (5%). A bilateral examination revealed 8 cases with bilateral double-rooted mandibular canines, while the others exhibited these on the left side only. Variable root canal configuration occurred in 36 cases (5.6%). Significant differences in data were observed between men and women. Conclusions: Most people’s mandibular canines have one canal in single root according to the CBCT examination. All double-rooted mandibular canines occurred in women and most of these were found on the left side. Additionally, mandibular canines with two canals in one root were more frequently observed in women than in men.
Copyright (c) 2025 Othman Alani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cytotoxic Effect of Nano Polyvinylidene Fluoride On Human Gingival Fibroblast
Aim: This study examined the cytotoxic effects of Nano Polyvinylidene-Fluoride (PVDF) on Human Gingival Fibroblasts (HGF) cells in comparison to sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish. Method: The MTT-Assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the tested materials on HGFs. To assess the toxic effects, cell viability after the application of NaF varnish (2.26%) and PVDF (1.26%, 2.26%, and 3.26%) at each concentration.Results: The findings indicated that all concentrations of PVDF exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to NaF varnish. Within the PVDF groups, the 3.26% concentration demonstrated the least cytotoxicity, succeeded by 2.26% and 1.26% respectively. On the other hand, NaF varnish exhibited the greatest toxicity among the evaluated substances.Conclusion: This innovative study demonstrates that Nano-PVDF, particularly at a concentration of 3.26%, is a promising material exhibiting enhanced biocompatibility and less cytotoxicity relative to traditional NaF varnish. All data represented that Nano-PVDF may function as a safer option in dental treatments, with exhibiting little adverse effects on oral cells.
Copyright (c) 2025 Athraa Sarhan Awadh, Maha Jamal Abbas , Hayder Hamed Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Background: Supernumerary teeth can appear anywhere in the oral cavity and are found in addition to standard primary and permanent teeth, both clinical and radiographic examinations usually lead to the diagnosis. Their definite etiology has not yet been completely understood. These teeth either erupt normally or remain impacted which may lead to many clinical complications. This study aimed to present clinical cases with supernumerary teeth including their management strategies. Methods: Three clinical cases were considered in this study. Case 1: 20 years aged healthy female complained of a hard mass in the nose with a rough texture clinical examination and radio-graphical examination showed a hard mass resembling a tooth was detected on the floor of the nose. The treatment was endoscopic removal of the ectopic tooth which was completely developed, under trans-oral general anesthesia. Case 2: A male child with 9 years old complaining of missing multiple permanent teeth. The specialist observed that the patient had impacted upper laterals on both sides otherwise they weren't visible in the oral cavity. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image showed un-erupted upper lateral incisors, The treatment consisted of surgical removal of supernumeraries under local anesthesia. Case 3: A healthy 9-year-old male child with a new tooth erupted in the roof of his mouth. A computerized tomography CT scan with clinical examination showed a mesioden between upper centrals. Extraction of mesiodens with nearly 2 cm in length was done under local anesthesia. Conclusion: Supernumerary teeth may present as single or multiple teeth on one side or both sides of the maxilla and mandible; the favorite site is the premaxilla. When they are identified and diagnosed, they should be managed to prevent future complications, either aesthetic and/or functional problems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Noor Natik Raheem, Ahmed Naeem Al-Fattal, Mohamed Sahib Shalal, Lobna K. Al Khafaji4, Yousif Ismail Allawi5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological Evaluation of Pure Titanium Dental Implants Coated with a Mixture of Nano Titanium Oxide and Nano Hydroxyapatite
Background: Dental implant surface characteristics affect the success of implant treatment. Many studies have focused on coating titanium (Ti) implant surfaces with bioactive materials. Bio-active surfaces play a crucial role in enhancing the healing process of the human bone tissue surrounding dental implants.Aims of the research: This study aims to evaluate the histological response and bonding strength of titanium screws coated with a combination of nano-sized titanium oxide (TiO₂) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) after healing intervals of two and six weeks.Materials and methods: A suspension was prepared using 5.27 g of nano-hydroxyapatite and 2.68 g of nano-titanium oxide. Commercially pure Grade II titanium screws, measuring 3.0 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length, were coated using the dip-coating technique. The presence of the nano-coating on the titanium surfaces was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microscopic analysis. For histological evaluation, some screws were coated with the nano TiO₂–HA mixture, while others were coated solely with nano-HA, and both types were implanted into the tibiae of New Zealand rabbits. Peri-implant bone formation was analyzed at two and six weeks post-implantation using a light microscope equipped with a GT-N7100 camera. Results: Optical microscopy revealed a uniform, crack-free coating layer on the titanium screw surfaces. XRD patterns confirmed the presence of both hydroxyapatite and titanium dioxide phases. Histological analysis showed enhanced new bone formation in the group with the TiO₂–HA mixture coating, evidenced by early osteoblast proliferation and more advanced bone maturation at both two and six weeks post-surgery, when compared to implants coated only with nano-hydroxyapatite.Conclusion: The implant coating mixture of nano TiO2 & nano HA promotes new bone formation more rapidly than a coating of nano hydroxyapatite alone.
Copyright (c) 2025 hanan abdulrahman, Muna Nasir, Athraa y Al-hijazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Candida Species in Patients with Fixed Orthodontic Appliance
Background: Patients with tooth misalignment are typically treated with traditional brackets during orthodontic treatment. The complexity of bracket design often hinders proper oral hygiene, resulting in an increased load of microbiota. The shape of the brackets acts as a reservoir for Candida, leading to candidosis of the oral cavity.Aims: This investigation aims to evaluate the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on the count and distribution of salivary Candida species compared to saliva from subjects without orthodontic appliances. Methods: Eightyparticipants from the Iraqi population wearing fixed orthodontic devices comprised the study group, while 20 participants without orthodontic devices served as the control group. Salivary samples were obtained from both groups, and Candida chromogenic agar was used for cultivation. The counting and identification of different Candida species were confirmed using the Vitek 2 system to validate cultural characteristics. Results: In this study, four types of Candida species were identified: C.parapsilosis, C.albicans, C. tropicalis & C.krusei in comparison to various published researchs, this study showed no statistically significant increase in colonization by any Candida species colonization during the orthodontic treatment. However, C. tropicalis was the most frequently isolated species for both test and control groups in comparison with other species. The fixed appliances had no impact on the existence, non-attendance or scale of habitation by Candida species and there were no considerable variation in the prevalence of Candida species, based on different factors (age, gender, and saliva pH) for both test and control groups.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that fixed orthodontic treatment had no effect on the prevalence of Candida species. This suggests that Candida accumulation may be related to an individual's own oral flora and is influenced by oral hygiene
Copyright (c) 2025 Heba Faiz. Hamodat, suhad hamdoon, Raafat Jasim al-Adool https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of the compressive strength and surface roughness of acrylic denture bases reinforced with ostrich eggshell powder
Background: The material most frequently employed in the dental industry is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Temporary dental restorations, including those for complex indications such as implants or large-span bridges, are manufactured using this material. However, its numerous limitations render it unsuitable for application in all situations. Consequently, individuals utilizing removable prostheses must be concerned regarding the potential for fracture. The purpose of this study: examined the effects of various particle sizes of 5% hydroxyapatite (which was prepared from ostrich eggshell powder) on the roughness and compressive strength of heat-cured acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 cylindrical samples composed of pink heat-treated acrylic resin were fabricated and subsequently categorized into four experimental groups; Group A (Control without any additive), Group B (Particle size 80µm), Group C (Particle size 70 µm), and Group D (Particles Size 50 µm). Each group consisted of seven samples categorized according to the varying sizes of hydroxyapatite particles. The test groups homogenously blended at a weight percentage of 5% of ostrich eggshell powder. Subsequently, an assessment was conducted to determine the collective compressive strength and surface roughness of this groups. Result: The results of the investigation showed significant variations in compressive strength for group B (107±3.742 MPA), group C (103.43±5.192 MPA), and group D (98.43±7.323 MPA) concerning the different sizes of hydroxyapatite particles compared to group A (74±4.163 MPA). While there was a significant increase in surface roughness for groups B (3.22±0.014), C (2.41±0.018), and D (2.36±0.077) compared to group A (1.451±0.073). Conclusion: Varying the particle size of hydroxyapatite added to the thermosetting acrylic resin (80μm, 70μm, and 50μm) increases both the material's compressive strength and surface roughness.
Copyright (c) 2024 Najwah Y. Hameed, Sarah A.Turki1, Atyaf M. Naser, Ghasak Gh.Alatrakchi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Eggshell gel and CO2 laser on microhardness of enamel white spot lesions in comparison to sodium fluoride gel
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chicken eggshell with and without CO2 laser on human enamel white spot lesions compared to sodium fluoride gel. Material and methods: To produce white patches on tooth enamel, (30) maxillary first premolars were divided into three distinct groups at randomly and then kept in a demineralizing liquid. Eggshell gel was used in the first group, CO2 laser irradiation with eggshell gel in the second, and sodium fluoride gel in the third. Following that, teeth were submerged in artificial saliva for 30 days. The enamel surface's hardness by Vickers was determined. One sample from each group was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to display the morphological characteristics of the enamel surface. Tukey's test and two-way evaluation of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess the data. Results: The degree of microhardness for enamel white spot lesions increased in all three groups under study. Eggshell gel with CO2 laser therapy (group 2) increased microhardness more than sodium fluoride gel treatment (group 3) and somewhat more than eggshell gel treatment alone (group 1). Conclusion: The using of eggshell gel, eggshell gel with CO2 laser, sodium fluoride gel are suggested to reharden the tooth enamel and the treatment with eggshell gel with CO2 laser showed a higher increasement in microhardness than sodium fluoride gel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Duaa Taher, Dalia K. Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Triton, HEDP and EDTA chelating irrigant’s protocol on micro-hardness of root canal dentine: An in vitro study
Aim: To assess and compare the effectiveness of different chelating irrigants (Triton, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (HEDP) for continuous chelation, and 5.25% NaOCl+17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)) for conventional chelation on root canal dentine micro-hardness. Materials and methods: Forty mandibular premolars extracted for orthodontic reason were used in this study, teeth were then divided into four groups according to type of irrigation solution, Group A; Triton, Group B; HEDP, Group C; EDTA, Group D; Distilled water (control). The crowns removed to produce root length of 14 mm, all teeth prepared using ProTaper Next files up to size 40/0.06. Then the roots separated into two parts. The microhardness evaluated at three thirds (coronal, middle, and apical) for each half, 3 N load was used for 15s. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Triton had the least effect on micro-hardness, while EDTA had the highest effect. All chelating agents in this study reduced micro-hardness with no significant difference between them, but significantly different from the control group (p ≤ 0.05) at coronal third. Conclusion: All chelating agents reduced micro-hardness at three thirds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tamara Al-Tai, Iman Mohammed Al-Zaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Salivary C Reactive Protein level in Type Two Diabetic Patients with Different Stages of Periodontitis
The purpose of this study is to contrast the salivary levels of C-reactive protein between healthy controls and diabetic patients at various stages of periodontitis.Materials and methods: One hundred sixty men participated in this study; 32 of them were healthy control groups, while the other 128 men with type -2 diabetes were equally categorized into four groups according to stages of periodontitis (stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV). Following the collection of unstimulated salivary samples from each participant, (PPD, CAL, and BOP) clinical periodontal parameters were assessed. ELISA technique was used to measure the levels of CRP in saliva samples. Results: CRP was higher in diabetic patients with all stages of periodontitis than healthy controls. The level of CRP is increased when periodontitis progresses to higher stages. Stage IV group (515.33±258.51), stage III group (315.52±206.71), stage II group (206.61±124.64), stage I (160.07±97.49), control group (45.63±25.29) in which their salivary levels were the least with significant differences among the groups (p=0.000).Conclusion: The inflammatory marker CRP is increased in diabetic patients than in Control, especially when the stage of periodontitis gets worse.
Copyright (c) 2025 sajjad ali, Dalia Kudier Abbas, Okba Mahmoud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Folic Acid level in Serum of Smokers and Non Smokers Patients with Periodontal Disease: A Case-Control Study
Objectives: Periodontitis is a complex disease, the reason of which remained unclear. Folic acid belongs to B complex vitamins. It is vital for the formation and division of new cells, as it serves as a crucial cofactor in DNA synthesis. Without the presence of folic acid, epithelial cells fail to divide correctly. Folic acid levels can be influenced by a number of factors, one of which is cigarette smoking. This study aimed to measure serum concentration of folic acid among patients with periodontitis associated to their smoking behaviors. Materials and Methods: The study included 75 subjects; divided in the following groups: group-I: 25 Smokers with periodontitis, group-II: 25 Non-smokers with periodontitis and group-III: 25 Non-smoker with healthy periodontium (control group). Clinical parameters were recorded including: Plaque Index(PLI), Gingival Index GI, Bleeding On Probing (BOP), Probing Pocket Depth(PPD) and Clinical Attachment Loss(CAL). Blood samples were taken and evaluated in the laboratory for folic acid levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA technique. Results: Significantly low concentration of folic acid encountered in serum of smokers with periodontitis as compared to healthy non-smoker controls (P < 0.001). Additionally, smokers with periodontitis showed significantly higher PLI, PPD and CAL means than non-smokers with periodontitisConclusion: The results of the present study indicate that folic acid levels were decreased significantly in smokers with periodontitis. Smoking has a negative impact on folic acid level and periodontal health.
Copyright (c) 2024 ghasaq Asim Abdul-Wahab, Alyamama Mahmood Alwan, Sarah Ihsan Al-Karawi, Tameem Jassim Khuder https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Fibers Insertion on Fracture Resistance of Maxillary Premolar Teeth with MOD Cavity Restored with Composite (In Vitro Study)
Aim of the study: The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to compare the impact of different fibers on the fracture resistance of maxillary first premolar teeth with MOD cavities. Materials and methods: Sixty sound, non-carious human maxillary first premolars were selected for this study and randomly divided into four groups (n = 15). Groups A, B, and C consisted of intact teeth utilized as the control group, teeth restored with ribbond, and teeth restored with composite (Palfique LX5, Tokuyama, Japan) respectively. Group D included dental restorations using SFRC Ever X Posterior (GC, Japan). The occlusal surface of each tooth was imprinted using flowable composite material (stamp technique), and all teeth were mounted in a 2cm² square block of self-curing acrylic resin. A large class II MOD cavity preparation was performed for all groups except for Group A. The dimensions of the cavities were standardized as follows: the occlusal depth was 3 mm, the occlusal width buccolingually was 2/3 of the intercuspal distance, and the MO and DO boxes were prepared with a height of 1.5 mm at their axial walls. The teeth were tested in a universal testing apparatus with a 0.5 mm/min compressive load rate till fractures take until fractures occurred. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s (HSD) tests were used to determine the statistical significance of the variation in fracture resistance among the groups under investigation, using a significance level of 0.05.Results: The results revealed that the groups restored with fibers (Group B and Group D) exhibited greater fracture resistance than group restored with composite only (Group C).Conclusions: In the context of the present investigation, teeth restored with Ribbond insertion demonstrated a significant increase in fracture resistance compared to the other tested groups, followed by teeth restored with Ever X posterior. In contrast, teeth restored with Tokuyama Palfique LX5 composite without fibers exhibited the least fracture resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mujtaba Salim, Baidaa M. Zeidan, Abeer A. Abbas, Abdulrahman Mohammed Almashhadani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Multi-Strain Probiotics on Levels of IL-6 in Saliva, and the Gingival Health Condition in 10 Years Old Children
Aim of the study: to evaluate the effect of probiotics on gingival health and levels of IL-6 in saliva. Measuring levels of IL-6 in different intervals at zero time before taking probiotic lozenges, 14 days after daily intake of probiotics, and after 28 days of daily intake of probiotics with measuring the gingival index (GI) for children. Material and method: A prospective study was conducted from 18, November 2023 to 18, December 2023, involving 100 children (49 females and 51 males) aged 10 years in Anbar, Iraq. Saliva samples were collected at baseline (day 0), day 14, and day 28 after taking probiotic lozenges to measure cytokine levels (IL-6) using ELISA assays. Gingival health was assessed using the Gingival Index. Results: The period at 28 days for Gingival Index (GI) recorded the lowest mean±SD, at 0.517 ±0.23, closely followed by the highest record at the baseline period (day 0) with a mean±SD of 1.51 ±0.18. In contrast, the period at 14 days showed mean±SD, at 0.94 ±0.26. Statistical analysis indicated a significant differences among these periods (p-value < 0.05).
Copyright (c) 2025 Summer HILU Hammdallah, Mohammed Qays Mahmoud Fahmi; Haider Al-Waeli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation between dental crowding and oral hygiene status among urban adults at Dijlah University College
Introduction: Dental crowding is a frequent feature of malocclusion, which is characterized by a reduction in the arch perimeter resulting in teeth displacement and rotation. The difficulty with cleaning crowded teeth leads to plaque accumulation and predisposes to the development of dental caries and periodontal disease.Aims of study: To investigate any potential relationship between dental hygiene and crowded teeth.Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. The investigation was conducted in the dental department at Dijlah University College with a total number of samples of 200 subjects: 50 male and 50 female participants with normal aligned teeth, in addition to 50 male and 50 female participants with crowded teeth who are between 18-24 years of age. The crowding status (moderate and severe) was assessed clinically to determine tooth alignment. While the oral hygiene condition was evaluated using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) index. Results: Independent samples T-test was applied to evaluate the data. According to the results of the current study, the average OHI-S score for subjects with normally aligned teeth is 1.55 while individuals with a crowding status display an average OHI-S score of 1.748. The study's findings indicate that there is no significant correlation (p-value=0.315) between dental crowding and oral hygiene.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, teeth irregularities and crowding had no effect on oral hygiene.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ghufran D. Awad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Surface Treatment with Zircos–E etching solution and Sandblast on The Surface Roughness of Zirconia (An in Vitro Study)
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of Zircos–E etching solution and sandblasting with Al2O 3particle on the roughness of zirconia ceramic. Material and methods: 45 monolithic zirconia discs (Vita YZ HT) with measurements of 2 millimeters in height and 10 millimeters in diameter were produced. All samples were machined, sintered, and the surface of each disc was smoothed using 600, 800, and 1200 grit aluminum oxide paper. Three groups were created based on the surface treatment applied to the discs, group (A): no treatment (control), group (B): sandblasting, and group (C) Zircos-E solution. Using a profilometer, the zirconia's surface roughness has been investigated for each group. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been utilized to analyse the morphological alterations of a specimen from every group. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests have been utilized to assess the data at the 5% significance level.Results: The zirconia surface roughness value was significantly increased by sandblasting with 50µm AL2O3 (1.921 µm). The zirconia surface roughness value did not significantly change after chemical treatment with Zircos-E etching solution (0.910 µm), as compared to the control group (0.601 µm). Conclusion: Acid etching has little impact on zirconia surface roughness, whereas zirconia surface roughness increases after AL2O3 sandblasting.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulwahab M. Al-Qaraghuli, Mohammed K. Gholam, Saeed MH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Antibiotic Syrups on Enamel Microhardness of Primary Teeth
Purpose: to assess the erosive effect of antibiotic suspensions on the enamel of primary anterior teeth by using surface microhardness and scanning electron microscopy examination. Materials and method: The study utilized sixty anterior primary teeth. After preparation, the samples were divided into two groups, thirty samples each. The samples in group (1) were subjected to a suspension of amoxicillin. Samples in group (2) were subjected to the Cefixime suspension.Results: Significant differences were seen in enamel microhardness among the tested groups after the antibiotic syrup cycle. An independent sample T test was conducted to demonstrate that there were no significant differences in surface microhardness readings among the tested groups at the baseline of the study. While after three weeks of exposure to the antibiotic syrup, all groups experienced a decrease in enamel microhardness; the highest value was for Cefixime followed by Amoxicillin.Conclusion: Due to their acidity, antibiotics, which are frequently prescribed to youngsters, can erode primary enamel.
Copyright (c) 2024 Khalid Ali abdulqader, Maha Abdul Kareem mahmoud, fatma Abd elmoneim Ahmed Elhendawy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Nanohydroxyapatite and Fluoride varnish on the Microhardness of the Artificially Induced Enamel Lesion: An In-Vitro Study
Study objective: To evaluate the ability of nanohydroxyapatite and fluoride varnish to remineralize an artificially induced enamel lesions. Methods: Fifty-four extracted premolar teeth were randomly allocated into three main groups (n=18) that are nanohydroxyapatite (n‑HA), fluoride varnish (FL) and untreated groups (C). The groups were further classified into three subgroups (n=6) based on the storage time in artificial saliva (1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks). All teeth subjected to pH cycling procedure for induction of white spot lesion. The nHA group was treated by immersing the samples in 10% n-HA solution for three minutes before storing them in artificial saliva. This procedure was repeated daily. Second group treated with fluoride varnish and third group left untreated. Microhardness was measured after 1 week, 2 week, 4 week from first time of application of treatment agents. Results: Statistical analysis of mean microhardness values demonstrated a significant difference in microhardness values according to different storage times only for the nanohydroxyapatite group while there was no significant differences in microhardness mean values for fluoride varnish and untreated group. Conclusion: 10% nanohydroxyapatite suspension more effective in remineralizing of WSLs as compare to fluoride varnish.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa Mohammed, Dunia A. Aldulaimy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of different heat treatments on the cyclic fatigue resistance of EdgeEndo files
Aim: The aim of this research is to evaluate and compare the cyclic fatigue fracture resistance of three different EdgeEndo file systems.Method: A total of forty-five NiTi files of EdgeFile X7 (25 taper 6), EdgeX7 Utopia (25 taper 6), and EdgeOne Blaze Utopia (25 taper 8v) were used. Cyclic fatigue resistance was evaluated in a double-curved simulated artificial canal at 37℃ temperature. An endodontic motor (x Smart Plus; dentsply) was used. The motor rotated the files at 350 rpm speed until they fractured. Fracture length, time, and number of cycles to fracture were documented. Files examined under SEM to identify the topographic characteristics of the fractured file fragments. The statistical analysis of the results was done using the one-way ANOVA analysis of variance with Tukey HSD.Results: EdgeOne Blaze has demonstrated a significantly greater NCF compared to both EdgeX7 Utopia and EdgeX7 (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in the NCF among EdgeX7 Utopia and EdgeX7 (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Cyclic fatigue resistance significantly improved in the new NiTi files that have FireWire Blaze heat treatment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Haneen Najih abd Ali Alshareefi, Maha M yahya, Abeer Saad Gawish https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
rosmarinic acid effect on bonding performance to caries affected dentine
Aim: This study investigated the effect of applying rosmarinic acid (RA) as dentine surface pretreatment on the immediate microtensile bond strength (µTBS) after 24h of water storage and delayed µTBS after 5000 thermocycles using 1-step self-etch adhesive (1-SEa) on artificial caries affected dentine (ACAD).Method: In this experimental in vitro study, the dentine surface of 40 premolars were exposed and subjected to a pH-cycling procedure for ACAD induction. Next, teeth were divided randomly into two groups (n=20 each): ROS-group that was treated with RA solution (100µM RA in 5% ethanol) for 5s then dried for 5s, and control untreated group. One sample was taken from each group for surface analysis with SEM. Following bonding and composite build up procedures, the specimens were sectioned into 1mm2 beams and subjected to microtensile test after 24h (immediate) or 5000 thermal cycles (delayed). The fractured beams were examined under stereomicroscope to determine failure type. Data were analysed with t-test of independent variables, significance level was set at 0.05.Results: ROS-group showed a significant increase in the immediate µTBS compared to control (p=0.003), while the µTBS of both groups were decreased significantly following thermocycling (p<0.001), without any difference between them (p=0.1598).Conclusion: Rosmarinic acid can enhance only the immediate bond strength of 1-SEa on ACAD.
Copyright (c) 2024 shatha issa, Mustafa Ibrahim Alani, Emad Abdelfatah Aboalazem, Ahmed Sleibi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Oral Health Deterioration in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients: A Comparative Study
Aim: The objective of this study was to determine chronic myeloid leukemia effects on oral health status as well as presence of oral lesions in a group of Iraqi patients in comparison to healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The total sample was consisting of (60) individuals, (30) were diagnosed with (CML) and (30) were healthy controls. Clinical examination was carried out according to oral health surveys of WHO. The scoring of dental plaque was according to plaque index criteria of Silness and Löe (1964), the scoring of dental calculus was according to calculus index criteria of Ramfjord (1959), the scoring of gingival status was according to gingival index criteria of Loe and Silness (1963), probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were scored according to WHO oral health survey (2013) and oral lesions examination was including inspection of intra-oral soft tissues. A mouth mirror and CPI probe were used in clinical examination. Results: Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were higher in (CML) group in comparison to healthy individuals, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05), while it was higher in calculus index but the difference didn’t reach statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia had worse oral health condition as well as more oral lesions in comparison to healthy individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hind Sameer, Dalia K. Abbas, Abeer A. Aljoujou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Anxiety and Pain During Treatment of Primary Molar Carious Lesions Using Minimal Invasive Techniques: Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: The routine method of removing caries is nonselective, causing a detrimental biological consequence and triggering anxiety, fear, and pain for children. As a result, this study aims to compare three minimally invasive treatments by the evaluation of an anxiety level pain assessment. Materials and Methods: A controlled clinical trial was conducted on a total of 45 children aged 7-8 years who had primary molar and active caries lesions. The children were divided into three groups: the 38% e-SDF (Group S), the Brix3000 (Group B), and the CeraBur (Group C). The children were presented with a facial image scale to evaluate their level of anxiousness. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and post-hoc pairwise tests were used to analyze the data, and the statistical significance (p-value) was determined to be significant at p≤0.05. Result: This study revealed a variation in the child's anxiety level during caries removal. There is a significant difference in anxiety scores between the three treatment methods (P = 0.009). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference between the S and C groups (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Silver diamine fluoride was a simple, efficient, and least invasive method for treating dental caries and eliminating the need for local anesthesia.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alhamzah Thaer Hasan Ankaz, Maha Jamal Abbas, IF Barakat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of surface treatment and addition of CuO NPs of surface roughness of acrylic denture base bonded to soft liner
Background: The import of the rough surface makes the application of several elements to enhance this feature vital for the adhesion of soft liners. Aim: The study's goal was to to ascertain the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles added in two ratios to heated-cured acrylic resin and fiber laser surface treatment on surface roughness. Materials and methods:60 acrylic specimens in the shape of discs were manufactured and divided into three groups: one received no addition; the other two received the addition of 0.3% CuO NPs; and a third group that received the addition of 0.5% CuO NPs. Each group was divided into two categories: those that were laser treatment and those who did not. The surface roughness test was then examined using a roughness tester called a profilometer. Results: The average roughness values were high for the control groups and low for the CuO NPs 0.5% groups. The mean values in the laser-treated groups had greater roughness than the control groups, according to the laser application.Conclusion:. As the fraction of CuO NPs increased, the surface roughness reduced. The laser treatment also reduced surface roughness.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saja Abd Almunaf Fadhil, Hawraa Khalid Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0